GreenlyWhat to plant in June in Canada
Worked out for 29 cities from their own weather and frost dates, by zone.
What to sow and plant in June in Canada, by zone: frost-free, highs of 22–28 °C (Toronto, Montreal and 14 more): broad bean, peas, onion, cabbage, cauliflower and 30 more; frost-free, highs of 16–22 °C (Vancouver, Calgary and 9 more): broad bean, peas, onion, radish, cabbage and 29 more; frost-free, highs of 10–16 °C (St. John's): broad bean, peas, onion, spinach, lettuce and 20 more; frost possible, highs below 10 °C (Iqaluit): broad bean, spinach, Swiss chard, beet, arugula and 2 more.
In Canada, June is summer.
Frost-free, highs of 22–28 °C: Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and 12 more
In June, on average, these cities have highs of 22 to 27 °C and lows of 11 to 17 °C, 34 to 144 mm of rain on 7 to 14 days; the day lasts 15 h 15 min to 16 h 44 min (on the 15th).
No frost in June in 10 years of data: frost-tender crops can go in too, if it is warm enough for them.
| How | What | Where |
|---|---|---|
| sow direct | Broad bean, peas, beet, cilantro, chamomile, chickpea, dill, mustard greens | Ottawa, Winnipeg, Quebec City and 6 more |
| plant sets | Onion, shallot | Ottawa, Winnipeg, Quebec City and 6 more |
| start indoors, plant out in August or sow direct | Cabbage, parsley | Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa and 11 more |
| start indoors, plant out in August | Broccoli | Sherbrooke |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Cauliflower | Ottawa, Winnipeg, Quebec City and 6 more |
| start indoors, plant out in August | Tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, chili pepper | Hamilton, London (Canada) and Windsor |
| sow direct or start indoors, plant out in July | Zucchini, watermelon, pumpkin, basil, luffa, peanut | all |
| sow direct | Green Beans, sweet corn, arugula, bok choy, borage, chayote, corn, Florence fennel, kiwano, Napa cabbage | all |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Cucumber, melon, achocha | all |
| sow direct or start indoors, plant out in July | Okra | Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa and 12 more |
| start indoors, plant out in August | Brussels Sprouts | Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa and 10 more |
| sow direct | Soybean | Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa and 7 more |
| sow direct or start indoors, plant out in August | Moringa | Hamilton, London (Canada) and Windsor |
Compared with May: new — broccoli, green beans and soybean; no longer sown — lettuce, radish, Swiss chard, celery, kohlrabi and celeriac.
Not starting in June: lettuce (August, started indoors) and spinach (September, started indoors) — dates for Trois-Rivières.
Ready to harvest in June in Trois-Rivières, if sown in the right month: peas (April), spinach (April), lettuce (April), radish (May), Swiss chard (April), arugula (May), chamomile (April) and daikon (April).
- Frost dates in Toronto
- Frost dates in Montreal
- Frost dates in Ottawa
- Frost dates in Winnipeg
- Frost dates in Quebec City
- Frost dates in Saskatoon
- Frost dates in Sherbrooke
- Frost dates in Trois-Rivières
- Frost dates in Hamilton
- Frost dates in London (Canada)
- Frost dates in Gatineau
- Frost dates in Kitchener
- Frost dates in Windsor
- Frost dates in Regina
- Frost dates in Kelowna
- Frost dates in Fredericton
Frost-free, highs of 16–22 °C: Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax and 7 more
In June, on average, these cities have highs of 19 to 22 °C and lows of 7 to 12 °C, 32 to 138 mm of rain on 6 to 14 days; the day lasts 15 h 33 min to 19 h 55 min (on the 15th).
No frost in June in 10 years of data: frost-tender crops can go in too, if it is warm enough for them.
| How | What | Where |
|---|---|---|
| sow direct | Broad bean, peas, cabbage, beet, parsley, cilantro, arugula, chamomile, chickpea, dill, mustard greens | all |
| plant sets | Onion, shallot | all |
| sow direct | Lettuce, carrot, Swiss chard, kale, kohlrabi, parsnip | Edmonton, Thunder Bay, Charlottetown and 2 more |
| sow direct | Radish | Halifax, Victoria, Thunder Bay and 3 more |
| sow direct or start indoors, plant out in August | Broccoli | Edmonton, Saguenay, Thunder Bay and 3 more |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Cauliflower | all |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Zucchini, cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin, basil, achocha, peanut | Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and 6 more |
| sow direct | Green Beans | Vancouver, Victoria, Saguenay and 1 more |
| sow direct | Sweet Corn, bok choy, borage, chayote, corn, Florence fennel, Napa cabbage | Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and 7 more |
| sow direct | Kiwano | Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and 6 more |
| start indoors, plant out in August | Brussels Sprouts | Vancouver, Calgary, Halifax and 5 more |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Luffa | Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and 5 more |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Okra | Vancouver, Calgary, Halifax and 2 more |
| sow direct | Daikon | Whitehorse |
Compared with May: new — green beans; no longer sown — spinach, leek, tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, chili pepper and moringa.
Not starting in June: tomato (April, started indoors), bell pepper (April, started indoors) and spinach (September, started indoors) — dates for Victoria.
Ready to harvest in June in Victoria, if sown in the right month: broad bean (March), peas (April), spinach (April), lettuce (April), radish (May), carrot (April), cabbage (February) and broccoli (March).
Frost-free, highs of 10–16 °C: St. John's
In June, on average, St. John's has highs of 15 °C and lows of 8 °C, 110 mm of rain on 13 days; the day lasts 15 h 57 min (on the 15th).
No frost in June in 10 years of data: frost-tender crops can go in too, if it is warm enough for them.
| How | What | Where |
|---|---|---|
| sow direct | Broad bean, peas, spinach, lettuce, radish, carrot, cabbage, broccoli, Swiss chard, beet, parsley, cilantro, arugula, chamomile, daikon, dill, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, parsnip | St. John's |
| plant sets | Onion, shallot | St. John's |
| start indoors, plant out in July | Cauliflower | St. John's |
| start indoors, plant out in August | Leek, Brussels sprouts | St. John's |
Compared with May: new — carrot, cilantro, daikon, dill, mustard greens, parsnip and shallot; no longer sown — turnip.
Not starting in June: tomato (no month outdoors by these rules), bell pepper (no month outdoors by these rules), zucchini (no month outdoors by these rules) and green beans (no month outdoors by these rules) — dates for St. John's.
Ready to harvest in June in St. John's, if sown in the right month: radish (May).
Frost possible, highs below 10 °C: Iqaluit
In June, on average, Iqaluit has highs of 6 °C and lows of 1 °C, 46 mm of rain on 11 days; the day lasts 20 h 43 min (on the 15th).
June falls in the frost season: frost-tender crops wait. Average last frost: Iqaluit (18 June).
| How | What | Where |
|---|---|---|
| start indoors, plant out in July | Broad bean, spinach, Swiss chard, beet, arugula, chamomile, kohlrabi | Iqaluit |
Compared with May: new — Swiss chard, beet, arugula and chamomile; no longer sown — cabbage, broccoli and parsley.
Not starting in June: tomato (no month outdoors by these rules), bell pepper (no month outdoors by these rules), zucchini (no month outdoors by these rules), green beans (no month outdoors by these rules), lettuce (no month outdoors by these rules) and peas (July, sown direct) — dates for Iqaluit.
How we work it out
For each city we use its average weather in June and the months after (highs, lows and rain for 2016–2025, ERA5 reanalysis via Open-Meteo) and its average frost dates. A crop starts in June if the month's mean temperature reaches the minimum soil temperature for germination on its card (we use the mean air temperature as a stand-in for the soil's) and if, over its first months (up to three), the average highs stay within its group's range, with no frost for crops that cannot take it. Crops started indoors count from the month they are planted out.
Temperature groups from Colorado State University Extension: cool-season crops prefer 16–27 °C and lose quality in heat; hardy ones grow in days as cool as 4 °C, semi-hardy ones from 4–10 °C (we use 10 °C); warm-season crops need days above 13 °C, and the most tender (tomato, pepper, aubergine, melon, watermelon, squash) above 16 °C, up to 35 °C. Crops the guide does not name go into the stricter group by their frost hardiness. Broad beans, which the guide does not name, count as hardy: hardy varieties are sown in autumn and overwinter (RHS). Garlic and bulbs: a month before the first frost, and later only while the ground is not frozen (as on each city's page).
This is a general rule from averages: your garden can be a week or two earlier or later, and a greenhouse or a cold frame brings the season forward. Greenly works out the dates for your location.
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